kintree - Genealogy Research in Ireland
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1901 is the earliest surviving complete Census of Ireland.
Both 1901 and 1911 are available to view on microfilm, in the National Archives of Ireland, Dublin, and the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, Belfast. As yet there is no index by name to these Censuses, so you need to have an idea where someone lived before you have a hope of finding them in the Census.
There were earlier censuses, but little material survives. A useful brief guide to surviving material is:
1831: The only surviving material is volumes of "retrospectively amended records" (Sherry Irvine) relating to County Londonderry.